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A thin piece of tissue that stretches across the base of the auditory canal (EAR canal). The tympanic membrane, commonly called the eardrum, vibrates in response to sound waves that reach it by traveling from the outer ear through the auditory canal. The vibrations amplify the sound waves, which activate the auditory ossicles, tiny bones in the middle ear, to set in motion the cascade of events that results in NERVE signals traveling to the BRAIN.

The tympanic membrane is vulnerable to perforation, commonly called RUPTURED EARDRUM. Perforation may occur as a result of injury, such as penetration of an object or from a sharp blow to the outer ear, or spontaneously. Fluid accumulation in the middle ear behind the tympanic membrane, usually the consequence of INFECTION, is the most common cause of spontaneous perforation. Spontaneous perforation generally heals without intervention. Traumatic perforation may require surgical repair (TYMPANOPLASTY).

In addition to amplifying and transferring sound waves, the tympanic membrane protects the middle and inner ear from bacteria and debris. A perforated eardrum exposes the delicate structures behind it to possible infection and other damage. Repeated spontaneous perforation due to chronic OTITIS media (middle ear infection) can permanently scar the tympanic membrane, restricting its ability to vibrate. The otolaryngologist may insert a small tube through the tympanic membrane to allow collected fluid to drain (MYRINGOTOMY) as a preventive measure in children who have chronic ear infections.